《入菩薩行》(Bodhicharyāvatāra)是印度寂天菩薩(Shantideva, 650-700A.D.)
1所著,內容闡明持守菩提心的利益和它的意思;如何讓菩提心在我們心內生起;生起菩提心之後,如何讓它不退轉,如何讓它日日增上;得此善根,最後迴向給一切眾生,願眾生離苦得樂。全書分十品千頌(確實來算是九百一十一頌)。開宗明義,寂天菩薩首先說明《入菩薩行》是依照釋尊遺教,簡要說明信受菩薩律儀的方法。由第四頌開始說明持守菩提心利益,重點說明暇滿人身難得;此身不向今生度,更向何生度此身?跟著說明行持菩提心有四種利益:第一,比一般善行更能對治惡業;第二,佛依自己修行經驗,保證行持菩提心事半功倍地獲得真正的利益;第三,眾生希望追求快樂、遠離痛苦的願求必能實現和第四,發菩提心後,便成佛子,得到佛蔭。接著,寂天菩薩以五個譬喻說明行持菩提心的利益:第一,如冶金能轉劣為勝的譬喻;第二,佛對欲求出離三界的人作珍貴難得的譬喻;第三,菩提心樹得果無盡的譬喻;第四,死囚得有勢力者免除定罪的譬喻和第五,如劫火能燒盡一切罪業的譬喻。最後,寂天菩薩引彌勒菩薩在《華嚴經》向善財童子說:「菩提心的利益廣大無量。」又舉《妙臂請問經》(Subāhu-paripricchā-sūtra)中佛陀的教示:「所以菩提心獲益無邊是正確合理的。」
2寂天菩薩跟著說明菩提心有兩種:願菩提心和行菩提心。寂天菩薩舉了一個例子說明它們的分別:好比一個人想去某處,計劃動身就是願菩提心;真正在旅途中就是行菩提心。在輪迴期間發願菩提心可以得到很大的果報,例如獲得勝生,得人天樂果;在此寂天菩薩引了釋尊一個本生故事:親友女這位未來佛,因種下了腳踢母親頭部的惡因,後來在羅剎城感召鐵輪旋擊,腦汁迸飛的苦果。後因痛極而生起了願菩提心言:「願一切如我這種逆子,無情腳踢母親而招感頭疼的惡果,皆由我一人來承擔吧。」因而得生天福報。寂天菩薩沒有花很多文句來說明行菩提心,但我們知道單是願菩提心的利益已經這麼廣大,何況是行菩提心呢?「願心於生死,雖生廣大果;猶不如行心,相續增福德。」「即自彼時(例如守持菩薩戒)起,縱眠或放逸,福德相續生,量多等虛空。」這時大家心中會有一個問題:「發菩提心真的有這麼廣大的利益?」寂天菩薩提醒我們,父母、欲天、梵天對自己或其他眾生的愛護,會比發菩提心廣大嗎?他們行善的動機會比不為自己而無私地饒益別人的菩提心那麼純淨嗎?大家以因果道理衡量,便得出一個道理:「珍貴菩提心,眾生安樂因,除苦妙甘霖,其福何能量?」還有,其實眾生發菩提心,比起用千萬個世界來供養佛,能令佛更開心!「僅思利眾生,福勝供諸佛,何況勤精進,利樂諸有情!」最後,寂天菩薩舉一個譬喻,說明一個發了菩提心、行持菩薩行的人,在兩種不同的情況下有什麼遭遇:若在逆境時有人無理指責你、損害你,你雖然不動氣,沒有報復的意圖,亦沒有無形之手操縱命運,但佛說存心傷害這位菩薩的人,「此人將長期陷住地獄受苦,而且時間長久得像所生邪惡的念頭數目一般多。」再者,若你真的發菩提心,行持菩薩行,你便是值得尊敬的人;大家也許會覺得,像寂天菩薩福慧那麼深廣,都說:「何人生此珍寶心,我即躬身申敬禮!」這會是真的嗎?我想,答案留待你一讀、再讀,把《入菩薩行》全論讀三遍,就會領會到這句話不太過火吧!
(一)
法身
3善逝
4佛子
5伴,及諸應敬我悉禮,
今當依教略宣說,入善逝子律儀方。
諸佛、正法和菩薩眷屬,圓滿的佛陀、法寶和所有僧寶,以及所有值得尊敬的聖賢,我在這裏向他們恭敬頂禮,現在我要依經教,簡略地宣說進入菩薩戒律的方法。
Respectfully I prostrate myself to the Sugatas who are endowed with the Dharmakāya, their teaching, as well as to their Noble Sons and to all who are worthy of veneration. Here I shall explain how to engage in the vows of the Buddhas’s Sons, the meaning of which I have condensed in accordance with the scriptures.
(二)
此論未宣昔所無,詩韻吾亦不善巧;
是故未取言利他,為修自心撰此論。
這部論沒有宣說什麼特殊的創見,詩文聲韻我也不很精通;因此不敢存有利他的念頭,撰寫此論主要是為了修習自心。
There is nothing here that has not been explained before and I have no skill in the art of rhetoric. Therefore, lacking any intention to benefit others, I write this in order to acquaint it to my mind.
(三)
循此修習善法故,吾信亦得暫增長;
善緣同我諸餘人,得見此已亦獲益。
由於依循這些偈頌修習善法的緣故,我學佛的信心也暫得增長;如我一樣具足善緣修學佛法的人,如果有緣見到這些偈頌,以後也將獲得利益。
For due to acquaintance with what is wholesome, the force of my faith may for a short while increase because of these (words). If, however, these (words) are seen by others equal in fortune to myself, it may be meaningful (for them).
(四)
暇滿
6人身極難得,既得能辦人生利,
倘若今生利未辦,後世怎得此圓滿?
獲八閒暇十圓滿是極難得的,得此人身極具意義!如今不懂利用此身獲益,如此珍貴人身難復再!
Leisure and endowment are very hard to find; and, since they accomplish what is meaningful for man. If I do not take advantage of them now, how will such a perfect opportunity come about again?
(五)
如雲覆蔽夜黑暗,閃電光明剎那現;
如是因佛威德力,世人暫萌修福意。
如同電光衝破黑暗夜,所有遮蔽烏雲隨即被照破;同樣,因佛陀威德力的感召,世間許多人才會生起短暫的修善集福的心意。
Just as a flash of lightning on a dark, cloudy night for an instant brightly illuminates all. Likewise in this world, through the might of Buddha, a wholesome thought rarely and briefly appears.
(六)
以是善行恆微弱,罪惡力大極難當,
捨此圓滿菩提心,何有餘善能勝彼?
普通的善業隱藏著弱點,而且非常微弱短暫,不能抵擋惡業習氣的勢力。只有圓滿美妙的菩提心,才能抵擋承受惡業壓倒性之強大力量。
Hence virtue is perpetually feeble, the great strength of evil being extremely intense. And except for a fully Awakening Mind by what other virtue will it be overcome?
(七)
佛於多劫深思惟,見此覺心最饒益;
無量眾生依於此,順利能獲最勝樂。
諸佛於多劫以來深刻思惟,清楚明瞭只有這樣(發菩提心)才能救度無邊的眾生,並且帶領他們獲致無上之喜樂。
All the Buddhas who have contemplated for many aeons have seen it to be beneficial. For by it the limitless masses of beings will quickly attain the supreme state of bliss.
(八)
欲滅三有百般苦,及除有情諸苦怖,
欲享快樂百千種,恆常莫捨菩提心!
誰人欲解脫此生之苦惱,而且又教他人離苦惱,此等贏得殊勝至福者,切莫捨離菩提心。
Those who wish to destroy the many sorrows of (their) conditioned existence, those who wish (all beings) to experience a multitude of joys, and those who wish to experience much happiness, should never forsake the Awakening Mind.
(九)
繫生死獄苦有情,若生剎那菩提心,
得名諸佛善逝子,人天歡喜悉歸命。
沉淪輪迴苦海繫縛生死枷鎖的眾生,菩提心一旦從心中誕生,此刻即謂諸佛之繼承人,備受人天同樣的崇敬。
The moment an Awakening Mind arises in those fettered and weak in the jail of cyclic existence, they will be named ' a Son of the Sugatas ', and will be revered by both men and gods of the world.
(十)
猶如最勝冶金料,垢身得此將轉成;
無價之寶佛陀身,故應堅持菩提心。
如同煉金術士選用最殊勝的冶金材料一樣,少許的點金劑就能將鐵塊變成黃金;不淨的凡夫肉身一旦得到它,將轉成為無價之寶的清淨佛身,這就是菩提心。我們必須抓緊它!
It is like the supreme gold-making elixir, for it transforms the unclean body we have taken into the priceless jewel of a Buddha-Form. Therefore firmly seize this Awakening Mind.
(十一)
眾生導師以慧觀,徹見彼心極珍貴;
諸欲出離三界者,宜善堅持菩提心。
受苦眾生的圓滿導師(佛陀),以遍知智慧徹見菩提心無比的價值,我們此等發願遠離六道沉淪苦海的人,應當緊抓這顆珍寶菩提心。
Since the limitless mind of the Sole Guide of the World has upon thorough investigation seen its preciousness, all beings wishing to be free from worldly abodes should firmly take hold of this precious Awakening Mind.
(十二)
其餘善行如芭蕉,果實生已終枯槁;
菩提心樹恆生果,非僅不盡反增茂。
其他如芭蕉樹之善行,長出果實以後必枯萎而死;唯有殊勝菩提心妙樹,結出果實後不但不枯萎,反而欣欣向榮。
All other virtues are like the plantain tree; for after bearing fruit they simply perish. But the perennial tree of the Awakening Mind unceasingly bears fruit and thereby flourishes without end.
(十三)
如人雖犯極重罪,然依勇士得除畏;
若有速令解脫者,畏罪之人何不依?
如同有人雖犯下極重的罪行,然而他們投靠勇士,得以解除險境違緣的恐懼。菩提心令人迅速解脫惡趣,那麼害怕罪報者為何不依止呢?
Like entrusting myself to a brave man when greatly afraid, by entrusting myself to this (Awakening Mind) I shall be swiftly liberated even if I have committed extremely unbearable evils. Why then do the conscientious not devote themselves to this?
(十四)
菩提心如劫末火,剎那能毀諸重罪。
智者彌勒諭善財:彼心利益無限量。
如劫末之火燃燒,極大罪惡最終都會被菩提心所殆盡(吞噬)。所以說其利益堪稱廣大無量,正如彌勒菩薩對善財所開示的一樣。
Just like the fire at the end of an age, it instantly consumes all great evil. Its unfathomable advantages were taught to the disciple Sudhana by the wise Lord Maitreya.
(十五)
略攝菩提心,當知有二種
7:
願求菩提心,趣行菩提心。
菩提心簡單來說可分二:願菩提心為一;付諸實踐的行菩提心為二。
In brief, the Awakening Mind should be understood to be of two types: the mind that aspires to awaken and the mind that ventures to do so.
(十六)
如人盡了知,欲行正行別;
如是智者知,二心次第別。
志欲起行和實際踏上這道路,就是其分別。因此智者和學者必須明白其分別是有次第和漸進的。
As is understood by the distinction between aspiring to go and (actually) going. So the wise understand in turn the distinction between these two.
(十七)
願心於生死,雖生廣大果,
猶不如行心,相續增福德。
願菩提心可使沉淪苦海的眾生生出很大果報,但不能像行菩提心一樣,相續不斷地生出福德。
Although great fruits occur in cyclic existence from the mind that aspires to awaken, an uninterrupted flow of merit does not ensue as it does with the venturing mind.
(十八)
何時為度盡,無邊眾有情,
立志不退轉,受持此行心。
無論從什麼時候開始,唯願令無邊眾生,就在當下此刻開始得解脫,而立志不退轉地受持行菩提心。
And for him who has perfectly seized this mind with the thought never to turn away from totally liberating the infinite forms of life.
(十九)
即自彼時起,縱眠或放逸,
福德相續生,量多等虛空。
即從此時起,一種偉大無休止之暖流,一種殊勝功德的力量,就算是在睡眠漫不經心時,也如廣大虛空般生起。
From that time hence, even while asleep or unconcerned. A force of merit equal to the sky will perpetually ensue.
(二十)
為信小乘者,妙臂問經
8中,
如來
9自宣說:其益極應理。
如來應妙臂的提問,向小乘者開示:「菩提心的利益,廣大無量;極合乎道理,毫無謬誤。」
For the sake of those inclined towards the lesser (vehicle), this was logically asserted by the Tathāgata himself in The Sūtra Requested by Subāhu.
(二十一)
若僅思療癒,有情諸頭疾
10,
具此饒益心,即得無量福。
若有人僅想到我要療癒眾生頭疼的疾病,擁有如此饒益眾人的心,就已經可以獲得無量的福德。
If even the thought to relieve living creatures of merely a headache is a beneficial intention endowed with infinite goodness.
(二十二)
況欲除有情,無量不安樂,
乃至欲成就,有情無量德。
更何況是希望能驅走每一眾生無有間斷的痛苦,甚至是令每一個眾生皆得佛果的成就,將會為其帶來無量極大之福德,就更不用多說了。
Then what need is there to mention the wish to dispel their inconceivable misery, wishing every single one of them to realize boundless good qualities?
(二十三)
是父抑或母?誰具此心耶?
欲天或諸仙
11?梵天
12寧有此?
我們的父母親們可曾擁有此等無私之願心?試問天人、阿修羅,乃至大梵天,可曾也懷有此等善心?
Do even fathers and mothers have such a benevolent intention as this? Do the gods and rishis? Does even Brahma have it?
(二十四)
彼等為自利,尚且未夢及,
況為他有情,生此饒益心?
上述那些人即使是為了自利,過去也從未曾生起,就連造夢也不曾夢過此種饒益心;何況為的是別人的利益,而生起這種願心呢?
If those beings have never before even dreamt of such an attitude for their own sake, how would it ever arise for the sake of others?
(二十五)
他人為自利,尚且未能發,
珍貴此益心,能生誠希有!
對自己真正的利益尚且也忽視,又怎會志願利益他人呢?此種心境(菩提心)極為寶貴尤稀有,如能真誠生起,那真極殊妙呢!
This intention to benefit all beings, which does not arise in others even for their own sake, is an extraordinary jewel of the mind, and its birth is an unprecendented wonder.
(二十六)
珍貴菩提心,眾生安樂因,
除苦妙甘霖,其福何能量?
珍貴的菩提心,是驅走苦痛之擬案,亦是那些在世間漂流的眾生的安樂泉源–此寶貴的心妙寶,豈可被測量估計呢?珍貴的菩提心是眾生安樂之源,亦是能醫治他們所有痛苦的萬應靈丹。如果我們這樣了解的話,其功德又怎能衡量呢?
How can I fathom the depths of the goodness of this jewel of the mind, the panacea that relieves the world of pain and is the source of all its joy?
(二十七)
僅思利眾生,福勝供諸佛,
何況勤精進,利樂諸有情。
僅是生起利他的念頭,價值已經較禮敬諸佛還要殊勝了,對此實踐利生之行為,更是不用說了。
If merely a benevolent intention excels venerating the Buddhas, then what need to mention striving to make all beings without exception happy?
(二十八)
眾生欲除苦,反行痛苦因,
愚人雖求樂,毀樂如滅仇。
雖然眾生都想遠離苦難,但(為惡習所迫)卻造作諸惡業,結果招致更多的苦報。雖然眾生都想追求快樂,但因無明愚癡,而將自己一切樂因樂果,如同怨敵般去摧毀。
Although wishing to be rid of misery, they run towards misery itself. Although wishing to have happiness, like an enemy they ignorantly destroy it.
(二十九)
於諸乏樂者,多苦諸眾生,
足以眾安樂,斷彼一切苦,
(行菩提心)能使缺乏安樂的苦惱眾生充滿喜樂,並能使苦惱的眾生遠離一切痛苦及煩惱。
For those who are deprived of happiness and burdened with many sorrows, it satisfies them with all joy and dispels all suffering.
(三十)
更復盡其痴;何有等此善!
何得似此友!豈有似此福!
若有人能將無明黑暗驅趕–有什麼功德較菩提心更勝?有什麼朋伴較菩提心更好?有什麼福德與菩提心之福德近似?
And clears away confusion. Where is there a comparable virtue? Where is there even such a friend? Where is there merit similar to this?
(三十一)
若人酬恩施,尚且應稱讚,
何況未受託,菩薩自樂為。
世人尚且應去稱讚那些能知恩報恩的人,更何況是菩薩在沒有任何條件的情況下,仍默默地利益世間有情,此大恩大德,又何用再多說呢?
If whoever repays a kind deed is worthy of some praise, then what need to mention the Bodhisattva who does good without its being asked of him?
(三十二)
偶備微劣食,嗟施少眾生,
令得半日飽,人敬為善士。
有些人施給少數幾個饑餓的眾生,雖然只是輕蔑地給人,而且更是不足一天之食用–已被全世界人吹捧為善士。
The world honors as virtuous a man who sometimes gives a little, plain food disrespectfully to a few beings that satisfies them for only half a day.
(三十三)
何況恆施與,無邊有情眾,
善逝無上樂,滿彼一切願。
何況是那些時常為無邊眾生帶來佛果無比喜悅,並且圓滿眾生心中終極之意願的菩薩,那更不消說了。
What need be said then of one who, eternally bestows the peerless bliss of the Sugatas upon limitless numbers of beings, thereby fulfilling all their hopes?
(三十四)
如是博施諸佛子,若人於彼生惡心,
佛言彼當住地獄,長如所生心數劫。
那些心懷惡念(意)的人,與博施濟眾之佛子為敵,佛說這類人一定墮入地獄,而他生起惡心有多少剎那,就會在地獄中受多少個劫的苦。
The Buddha has said that whoever bears an evil thought against a benefactor such as that Bodhisattva will remain in hell for as many aeons as there were evil thoughts.
(三十五)
若人於彼生淨信,得果較前還增勝;
佛子雖逢大艱難,然罪不生善自增。
相對地,若有人尊敬菩薩,又對他們產生好和善良的信心,將帶來很多豐富的果實。就算是處於逆境中,菩薩是從不會為別人帶來惡運(緣)的。同樣,菩薩行善時縱然遭遇障難,不僅不會生罪過,反而增長善行。
But if a virtuous attitude should arise (in that regard), its fruits will multiply far more than that. When Bodhisattvas greatly suffer they generate no negativity, instead their virtues naturally increase.
(三十六)
何人生此珍寶心,我即躬身申敬禮!
誰令怨敵得安樂,願歸命彼安樂源!
有誰生起這顆善妙珍貴之心靈,我向他敬禮!有誰使傷害自己的怨敵獲得安樂,我願皈依這眾生安樂的泉源!
I bow down to the body of him in whom the sacred precious mind is born. I seek refuge in that source of joy who brings to happiness even those who harm him.
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註釋
1寂天菩薩是印度那爛陀十七大班智達之一,其它的大班智達分別是龍樹、聖天、佛護、清辯、月稱、寂護、蓮華戒、無著、世親、陳那、法稱、聖解脫軍、獅子賢、德光、釋迦光和阿底峽。這十七位大班智達幾乎相等於印度大乘佛教。
2從下面當代殿堂級大班智達達賴喇嘛的真情表白,我們可以看到修習菩薩行和發菩提心的重要。他於一九九九年在美國印第安那州一次演講中說:「我常常提到我個人的經驗,三十歲時思惟空性的道理;感覺煩惱可以斷除,因此深信涅槃確實存在,絕非捏造,滅諦一定可以成辦。那時雖然覺得菩提心很殊勝,但與我之間不太接近,好像沒有甚麼希望能得以成辦。後來反覆地讀《入菩薩行》,一次又一次的串習,發現菩提心的感受不是字面上的解釋,確實有深奧的內涵;當下想完全投入,全心全意的去修持!原本距離遙遠的菩提心,如今已愈來愈接近了!」
3法身(Dharmakāya):通常解作佛的實相身。法身最明顯的是不隨人的色身壞滅而消失,卻是長存於天地間,具恆常義。此外,法身亦可指佛所說的法(the body of the teachings)。這頌似指後者,用意是描述佛法僧三寶。
4善逝(Sugata):佛的十號之一,“su”指巧妙,“gata”猶如“gone”,逝去之意;指到達覺悟的彼岸而不再退回生死苦海。
5菩薩眾是指佛的繼承者,他們發願利益眾生才成佛。這裏指的是見道位和修道位的賢聖菩薩。因他們安住於菩薩地,因此是殊勝的皈依對象。
6為了完成覺悟道路,我們必須具備八種閒暇和十種圓滿。八種閒暇是指:不生而為(1)地獄;(2)餓鬼;(3)傍生;(4)長壽天道;(5)蠻荒邊地無教法修持之眾生;(6)對因果業力等具邪見之眾生;(7)無佛出生時期和地方和(8)身心具缺陷之眾生。十圓滿包括(1)五種自圓滿:(i)生而為人;(ii)生於中土,即有佛法的地方;(iii)生而為諸根具足的人;(iv)不因業力牽引致造極大惡業的人和(v)對佛法充滿信心的人。(2)五種他圓滿是:(i)佛已應時應機出現於世;(ii)佛已說法;(iii)佛法仍存;(iv)仍有人修持正法;(v)已被靈性上師所攝受。
7此外,我們要知道有二種菩提心,世俗菩提心是為了利益眾生而發願成佛,而勝義菩提心是證悟空性。寂天菩薩雖未明顯說出這兩種菩提心,但其義卻貫穿整部《入菩薩行》。
8梵文Subāhu-paripricchā-sūtra。梵文原典已佚,只有漢譯本存世。
9Tathāgata:如來,佛十種尊稱之一,由梵文tathā和āgata組成。前者是such,如此的意思,後者是來的意思。如來是指已經覺悟的人格,由真理而來,隨順真理而化現於世,是踏上與過去諸佛相同道路而示現的人。
10是釋尊本生故事。釋尊有一世為商主親友女時,曾不聽母親勸阻出海尋寶,後因腳踢親母;結果於羅剎城感鐵輪旋擊、腦汁迸飛的痛苦。而又因痛極而發菩提心言:「願一切如我這種逆子,無情腳踢親母而招感頭疼的惡果,由我一人承擔這痛苦。」因此而得生天福報。
11根據古印度傳統,仙人(rishis)是能聽到吠陀之聲音的聖者,並且能夠把吠陀傳到人間,是天和人之間溝通的橋樑。
12吠陀認為大梵天是宇宙的開創者。
應用討論問題
一)我們應怎樣研習一部傳統的佛教經論?
二)為什麼經典開首之前要列梵文經名?
三)何謂佛子?佛子有幾多類?你認為哪類佛子最可貴?
四)試述寂天菩薩造《入菩薩行》的目的。
五)《入菩薩行》一論,在藏傳佛教中佔何地位?
六)生而為人,具足八暇十圓滿是發菩提心最好機會。試解釋何謂八閒暇和十圓滿;以現代人的角度闡述為什麼下一世或遲些才修行是不值得認同的呢?
七)發菩提心很困難,首先要做到不與別人爭利,甚至犧牲自己利益,而且人道善弱惡強,我們要依靠佛的加持,才能暫時穩住善心,讓它慢慢發展。對此,寂天菩薩曾引一比喻,試述之。
八)我們生於五濁惡世,世間罪惡力大,自己的惡業煩惱又多,修行佛法的力量又弱,為什麼發菩提心就能戰勝眾多惡勢力?發菩提心就能消眾罪?(例如試以一貓可捕多鼠為喻。)
九)最具智慧的諸佛,用最深刻的思惟,以多劫的時間才得出一個結論:菩提心是獲得最勝樂的因,最能饒益眾生。但事實上,很多發了菩提心的人,為什麼在修行道上,仍不知要受多少磨難和挫折?你對此甘心情願嗎?
十)寂天菩薩認為所有學佛的人,包括三士道的行人,都要發菩提心:上士固以利益大眾,但下士道以追求人天安樂,中士道只求個人解脫,這是否矛盾;試申論之。
十一)文中以六種東西比喻菩提心的利益,試分別說明之。
十二)「以前我們發了願菩提心,但因障重退轉而失毀,我覺得很慚愧,沒有勇氣在三寶前再發菩提心」。這是初學佛者常遇的經驗,這想法是否錯了?應該怎樣辦?
十三)願菩提心的特點是保持在證佛果間,功德平衡不消失;而行菩提心的特點是生起後,功德時刻不停增長。試引論文評述之。
十四)發心成菩薩,並踏出了「行菩提心」的第一步,怎樣驗證這一點?
十五)小乘修行人很害怕發大乘菩提心後,要花三大阿僧祇劫這麼長的時間去修行,甚至還要布施身體生命;但世尊在《妙臂請問經》中開導這些小乘人,親口說發菩提心是最快成佛的方法,試引其文申述之。
十六)試述文中療癒頭疾的故事典故。
十七)仙人、帝釋和梵天皆有某種程度的慈悲心,例如仙人有極高智慧與神通,帝釋為世間怙主,梵天行四無量而得福果,這些是否與菩提心相同?仙人、帝釋和梵天理想的人間是怎樣的?菩薩希望的人間又是怎樣的?
十八)世俗菩提心是屬於了義或不了義?如何是不了義?我們還要修學嗎?勝義菩提心又如何?