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 第六講 【護正知品】
 
 Lecture 6 : Chapter Five Guarding Alertness
 
 日期:二零零三年六月七日

上文講到寂天菩薩提出「修行唯護心」,又提到護心有兩種方法:一是讓正知監察身、語、意三門;另一種方法是以正念時刻清楚仔細知道取捨善惡;培養正念,正知便一秒鐘也不離開內心。這次講座主要是具體說明如何以正念正知去護心,再進一步去守持菩薩戒。菩薩戒可分三方面來說:攝律儀戒、攝善法戒和饒益有情戒。所謂攝律儀戒是不做任何傷害眾生的事,並以正念正知來保護我們的心。寂天菩薩指出,要修好攝律儀戒,首先要以正知監察身、語、意三門;「心意初生際,知其有過已,即時護正念,堅持住如樹。」「時時應細察,此身云何住?」「盡力遍觀察:此若狂象心,緊繫念法柱,已栓未失否?」跟著,為了防患未然,便要放棄無意義的聊天、觀賞話劇;當自己要面對這些無聊場面時,便要以正念來護心;當自己知道快把持不住時,便要回憶下三惡道的痛苦。寂天菩薩提出:「若身欲移動,或口欲出言,應先觀自心,安穩如理行。」此外,寂天菩薩認為一個理想的菩薩,應該要「深信極肯定,堅穩恭有禮,知慚畏因果,寂靜勤予樂」。最後,寂天菩薩認為要提高守持律儀的效果,修行者應時刻想到:經長久的時間和難得的機會才獲得暇滿人身,故應珍惜並守住菩提心,「不動如須彌」。

(三十四)
心意初生際,知其有過已,
即時護正念,堅持住如樹。1
在心意開始活動之際,就要檢察自心。若找到錯處或不足的地方,就應該穩重安住,像大樹一樣,不為煩惱所動。
When, just as I am about to act, I see that my mind is tainted with defilement.  At such a time I should remain unmovable, like a piece of wood.

(三十五)
吾終不應當,無義散漫望;
決志當恆常,垂眼向下看。
我不再讓視線往四周的空間無意義地散漫張望,只以堅定的意志,經常保持雙眼垂視2
Never should I look around distractedly for no purpose; with a resolute mind I should always keep my eyes cast downwards.

(三十六)
蘇息吾眼故,偶宜顧四方。
若見某人至,正視道善來。
為了讓垂視的眼睛得到鬆弛,我應該偶爾四面看看,如果有人站在我的視線範圍內,我將以友善的話語對他說:「你好!」
But in order to relax the gaze for a short while I should look around, and if someone appears in my field of vision I should look at him and say “Welcome.”

(三十七)
為察道途險,四處頻觀望;
憩時宜回顧,背面細檢索。
為了察看道路上的危險,我將會四面觀望。停下來休息時,我會回頭看看自己所行的道路。
To check if there is any danger on the path I should look again and again in the four directions.  To rest, I should turn my head around and then look behind me.

(三十八)
前後視察已,續行或折返。
故於一切時,應視所需行。
因此,我會探索前面及已行過的道路,看看是否應繼續前進或折回。因此,在任何情況下都應認清自己的需要,才作出相應的行動。
Having examined both ahead and behind I should proceed to either come or go.  Being aware of the necessity for such mindful alertness I should behave like this in all situations.

(三十九)
欲身如是住,安妥威儀已,
時時應細察,此身云何住?
身體在將要住於某種狀態之前,或者在安住某種威儀前,應該(以正知正念)反覆細意地觀察:身體這種姿態是否如法?
Once having prepared for an action with the thought, “My body will remain in such a way,” then periodically I should look to see how the body is being maintained.

(四十)
盡力遍觀察:此若狂象心,
緊繫念法柱,已拴未失否?
在任何時間,任何地方,都應盡自己全力去觀察:那顆如失控狂象的心,是否拴在憶念佛法的柱子上?有沒有鬆掉溜走呢?
With the utmost effort I should check to see that the crazed elephant of my mind is not wandering off but is bound to the great pillar of thinking about Dharma.

(四十一)
精進習定者,剎那勿弛散;
念念恆伺察,吾意何所之?
以各種方法精進修習定3,一剎那也不應讓心鬆散於外境,應當念念相續,恆常審察自心:我的心意正在緣念著什麼?
Those who strive by all means for concentration should not wander off even for a moment; by thinking, “How is my mind behaving?” – they should closely analyze their mind.

(四十二)
危難喜慶時,心散亦應安;
經說行施時,可捨微細戒。
遇到生命危難或節日喜慶時,在這些特殊情況下,如果於諸細微行儀不能專注,可以開許聽便4
But if I am unable to do this when afraid or involved in celebrations, then I should relax.  Likewise it has been taught that at times of giving, one may be indifferent to certain aspects of moral discipline.

(四十三)
思已欲為時,莫更思他事;
心志應專一,且先成辦彼。
當我們進行某些計劃時,不可再想其他事情。注意力必須放在指定目標上,首先圓滿成辦這件事。
I should undertake whatever deed I have intended to do and think of doing nothing other than it.  With my mind applied to that task, I should set about for the time being to accomplish it.

(四十四)
如是事皆成,否則俱不成。
隨眠不正知,由是不增盛。
只要這樣做,一切工作都能順利完成;要不是這樣做的話,便會一事無成。如果真的能做到這一點,不正知這種隨眠煩惱5就不會增強起來。
By acting in this way all will be done well.  But by acting otherwise neither action will be done.  Likewise there will be increase in the proximate disturbing conceptions that come from non-alertness.

(四十五)
無義眾閒談,諸多稀奇劇,
臨彼眾境時,當斷彼貪著。
假如遇到無意義的閒談,或種種精彩動人的感性情景的戲劇時,如萬不得已遇到這些場合的話,自心應斷除貪著而謹守正念。
If I happen to be present while a senseless conversation is taking place or if I happen to see some kind of spectacular show, I should abandon attachment towards it.

(四十六)
無義掘、挖、割,於地繪圖時,
當憶如來教,懼罪捨彼行。
當自己發覺在毫無意義地挖掘土地、除草伐木,或是在地面上繪圖等動作,這時應該回憶如來的教誨,以畏罪的心情捨棄無聊的行為。
If for no reason I start digging the earth, picking at the grass or drawing patterns on the ground, then by recalling the advice of the Buddhas, I should immediately stop out of fear.

(四十七)
若身欲移動,或口欲出言,
應先觀自心,安穩如理行。
當我們想要移動身體,或者想要說話時,首先要觀察自心的動機是否清淨,然後才穩重如法地去行持。
Whenever I have the desire to move my body or to say something, first of all I should examine my mind.  And then, with steadiness, act in the proper way.

(四十八)
吾意正生貪,或欲瞋恨時,
言行應暫止,如樹安穩住6
當強烈的欲望在內心生起,不管是由貪心抑或是由瞋恨之想而導致,都不要付諸行為,保持緘默,不發一言!切勿有所行動,要如樹一樣安住不動。
Whenever there is attachment in my mind and whenever there is the desire to be angry, I should not do anything nor say anything, but remain like a piece of wood.

(四十九)
掉舉與藐視,傲慢或驕矜,
或欲評論他;或思偽與詐;
當內心躁浮不靜,藐視別人;或者恃己凌他,執己為勝時;或有批評別人的動機,待人虛偽,想以言行誑惑欺騙別人。
Whenever I have distracted thoughts, the wish to verbally belittle others, feelings of self-importance or self-satisfaction; when I have the intention to describe the faults of others, pretension and the thought to deceive others;

(五十)
或思勤自讚;或欲詆毀他;
粗言並離間,如樹應安住。
或自己想讚揚自己;或者想要詆毀誹謗別人;或想惡口罵人,並挑撥離間;這時就應像大樹一樣,安住下來。
Whenever I am eager for praise or have the desire to blame others; whenever I have the wish to speak harshly and cause dispute; at all such times I should remain like a piece of wood.

(五十一)
或思名利敬;若欲差僕役;
若欲人侍奉,如樹應安住。
或者想追求財富名譽,得到別人讚頌和認同;或者想差使役僕;當我心想他人侍奉,這時應該像樹一般安住下來。
Whenever I desire material gain, honor, fame; whenever I seek attendants or a circle of friends, and when in my mind I wish to be served; at all these times I should remain like a piece of wood.

(五十二)
欲削棄他利,或欲圖己利,
因是欲語時,如樹應安住。
想剝削及損害別人的利益,或者想貪圖自己個人的利益,如果因這種發心而要說話時,應該如大樹一樣安住不動。
Whenever I have the wish to decrease or to stop working for others and the desire to pursue my welfare alone; if motivated by such thoughts, a wish to say something occurs, at these times I should remain like a piece of wood.

(五十三)
不耐懶與懼,無恥言無義,
若生偏黨心,如樹應安住。
如果修法時不能忍耐,懶惰和(對甚深法義、菩薩大行和內外密障)畏懼退縮;不知羞恥,言不及義,生起分別心,那時候便應像樹一般安住下來。
Whenever I have impatience, laziness, cowardice, shamelessness or the desire to talk nonsense; if thoughts of partiality arise, at these times too I should remain like a piece of wood.

(五十四)
應觀此染污,好行無義心;
觀已當對治,堅持守此意。
因此,你應多方面7審察自己,注意煩惱的念頭,以及每一個無意義的欲求。這時(菩薩道的勇士),應當以對治的方法,來堅持守住這顆心。
Having in this way examined his mind for disturbing conceptions and for thoughts that strive for meaningless things, the courageous Bodhisattva should hold his mind steady through the application of remedial forces.

(五十五)
深信極肯定,堅穩恭有禮,
知慚畏因果,寂靜勤予樂。
對三寶要有甚深的信心;而且要從內心生起穩固的定解;意志須堅韌穩定;態度要謙恭有禮;做壞事要感到羞恥(知慚);做錯事要懂得害怕(識愧);畏懼罪惡的果報;保持身心寂靜;精勤地使別人快樂。
Being very resolute and faithful, steady, respectful, polite, with a sense of shame, apprehensive and peaceful, I should strive to make others happy.

(五十六)
愚稚意不合,心且莫生厭,
彼乃惑所生,思已應懷慈。
愚稚的眾生意樂千差萬別,極難盡如其意(所以切勿因此爭吵而受拖累)。但自己不該因此而對他們生厭,他們是因為煩惱才產生這種(矛盾)心態。想到這一點,就該對他們心懷慈愛。
I should not be disheartened by all the whims of the childish who are in discord with one another.  I should know them to arise in their minds due to disturbing conceptions and therefore be kind towards them.

(五十七)
為自及有情,恆居無罪處8
更以幻化觀,恆常守此意。
為了自己和眾生的利益,我常依於清淨無染之處(遠離犯戒),此外,為了避免因利益眾生的心行而生起了傲慢,應該了知自己這種利行猶如幻化的東西,謹慎地守護自心。
In doing that which by nature is not unwholesome both for the sake of myself and other sentient beings I should always hold my mind fast, acting like an apparition, with no sense of self.

(五十八)
吾當再三思:歷劫得暇滿;
故應持此心,不動如須彌9
我應該再三這樣去思惟:經過這麼長久的時間才獲得這暇滿人身;所以我應該珍惜並守住這個(菩提)心,使它像須彌山一樣毫不動搖。
By thinking again and again that after a long time I have won the greatest leisure, likewise I should hold my mind as utterly unshakeable as the king of mountains, Sumeru.


第六講完
註釋

1此為如石法師依藏文本的譯法。依梵文譯本,宋天息災翻譯為:「我今護此心,恆常如是住;喻木之無根,不生惡枝葉。」按藏文與梵文在此句翻譯的意念南轅北轍。依藏文譯本的文意是當心生過失時,正知就出力去穩定它,讓心像大樹般安穩。依梵文譯本文意是由始至終,內心以正知防護著自己的感官不生起觸受,就好像樹木被削成木頭一般,沒有根的吸納,就沒有枝葉的繁茂;木頭沒有六根,不會隨著外境而起貪瞋,寂然不動。藏文本以攻剋為守護,梵文本以不動靜觀為守護;學者於護正知時應先分別這兩種方法。
2 一般的律儀是雙眼微睜,保持三尺視線,向地面垂視。
3 智作慧(Prajñākaramati, 950-1030)在《入行細疏》中說:「這裏的定(samādāna,等持)是指止(śamatha,奢摩他、攝寂靜)。」
4 此句亦可譯為:如無力管制自心,也可隨意而行。例如《大集經》〈無盡意菩薩品〉云:「如是布施之時,持戒所攝法應當暫捨。」
5 隨煩惱(secondary afflictions):梵文vimśati upakleśa的意譯。唯識認為是心理作用的一種,指隱藏在阿賴耶識中深處的煩惱種子,隨逐眾生,使心惛迷,所以又譯作隨眠煩惱,於五蘊中屬行蘊所攝。隨煩惱有二十種,《成唯識論》說:「云何不正知?於所觀境,謬解為性;能障正知,毀犯為業。謂不正知者,多所毀犯故。」不正知(non-alertness),梵文為asmprajanya,不正知與一切染污的心理作用相應,不單只是人,就算三界中上至天人,下至地獄,都會有這種染污心理。
6 如樹一樣安住不動。為保持行文流暢,及漢文傾向形象思惟的語法習慣,這裏是依如石法師,故意譯為「如樹安穩住」。唯英譯依梵文原典:「…remain still like a piece of wood」。與宋代天息災所譯:「如木不分別」,「住心恆似木」,「堅住恆如木」,「一心住如木」等等來比較,則古人較貼近梵文原典意思。參考第六講註釋1。
7 多方面指以上二十七種足可摧毀我們修行善根的煩惱,包括生貪、生瞋、掉舉、藐視、傲慢、驕矜、評論他、偽、詐、自讚、詆毀、粗言、離間、思名、思利、思敬、差僕役、欲人侍奉、剝削他人利益、損耗他人利益、只顧自己利益、不耐、懶、懼、無恥、言無義、偏黨結私。
8 如石法師將此句譯為「利行不犯罪」;今依天息災所譯,略近梵本,故作改動。
9 須彌山(Sumeru):漢譯為妙高山。根據佛教宇宙觀,須彌山在世界的中心,是一座由四種寶石聚集而成,極其巨大的高山;日月星辰皆以妙高山為中心。這種說法與現代天文科學理論有點分別,如果具體地演繹的話,當中有大部份都會令人很費解。不過如以萬法唯心變的道理來看,那麼便會很快消除對這佛教宇宙觀感到陌生的感覺。


應用討論問題
一)寂天菩薩教我們在行動或說話之前,要先審察自己內心,當發覺自己的動機產生過錯,便立刻穩住內心;使內心安穩如大樹一般。試引原文並簡釋其意。
二)在佛子威儀之中,你覺得自己可以符合寂天菩薩提出時常把視線垂視三尺前的地面嗎?
三)寂天菩薩在第五品第四十一頌提出:「精進習定者,剎那勿弛散;念念恆伺察;吾意何所之?」這裏的「定」是指samādāna(等持),智作慧註釋專指śamatha(止,攝寂靜)。試引寂天論師修持這種止,攝寂靜的方法的教示。
四)何謂隨眠?唯識學派與有部對隨眠不正知各有闡述。試以己見抉擇《入菩薩行》中隨眠不正知是依哪個學派的說法。
五)在第五品第四十七頌中,寂天菩薩提出「若身欲移動,或口欲出言,應先觀自心,安穩如理行。」
何謂「安穩」?這與巴楚仁波切提出的「善行取決於動機」,有沒有異同?
六)寂天菩薩在第五品的第四十八頌至第五十三頌,一口氣提出當內心生起二十七種煩惱時,我們要立刻以正念正知對治,使內心如大樹般安住。試闡述之。
七)試根據寂天菩薩第五品第五十五頌「深信極肯定,堅穩恭有禮,知慚畏因果,寂靜勤予樂。」說明大乘修行人應有的九種德性。
八)甚麼叫「幻化」?為何利益眾生過程要以幻化觀來統攝?
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