上次講座已交待過如何以正念正知守護行者自心,從而守持好攝律儀戒,不傷害眾生一根毫髮。今次繼續寂天菩薩教示如何守持攝善法戒。寂天菩薩首先提出修行者未能修好攝善法戒的主因,就是我們貪愛著自己這個身體。他教導我們先放棄對這個身體盲目愛護,並且釐訂愛惜這個身體唯一的目的,是以它作為行善和修行利他菩薩行的工具。「故應惜此身,獨為修諸善。」「為辦有情利,修成如意身。」如何才算是善行?簡言之是不傷害別人,甚至不會令別人產生受侵損、受威脅的感覺。寂天菩薩提出幾點要我們約束言行的地方:例如臉上要常常微笑;行動要調柔寂靜,舉止斯文;說話要正直,有鼓勵作用;別人說話要細心聆聽,別人對自己教誡要樂於接受,善巧與別人溝通,是行菩薩道必要的技巧,「出言當稱意,義明語相關,悅意離貪瞋,柔和調適中。」最後,寂天菩薩提醒我們要對三寶福田、父母師長恩田、苦難眾生悲田進行供養布施,令眾生皆歡喜;「一切行歡喜,此喜價難沽」;「皆大歡喜」四字總結了攝善法戒的精要。
(五十九)
禿鷹貪食肉,爭奪扯我屍,
若汝不經意,云何今愛惜?
貪吃屍肉的禿鷹,爭奪撕扯我死後的屍體,意識啊!如果那時你會毫不介意的話,那你現在又為什麼卻愛惜著它呢?
If, mind, you are not made unhappy when this body is dragged and tossed about by vultures greedy for flesh, then why are you so concerned about it now?
(六十)
意汝與此身,何故執且護?
汝彼既各別,於汝何所需?
噢!意識啊!你為何這樣執著保護這身體呢?你還以為這身體是屬於你的嗎?你和它都是各有別體,它怎能對你起甚麼作用呢?
Holding this body as “mine”, why, mind, do you guard it so? Since you and it are separate, what use can it be to you?
(六十一)
癡意汝云何,不護淨樹身1,
何苦勤守護,腐朽臭皮囊?
噢!愚癡的意識啊!你為何不愛護一些潔淨的木製雕像,而保護這一台骯髒的機器?
Why, confused mind, do you not hold onto a pure wooden statue? Just what is the point of guarding this putrid, dirt-filled machine?
(六十二)
首當以意觀,析出表皮層,
次以智慧劍,剔肉離身骨。
首先用自己的觀慧,將表皮層與身肉分開,再以智慧的利劍,從骨架上將肉剔下來,一一加以詳察。
First of all, mentally separate the layers of skin from the flesh and then with the scalpel of discrimination separate the flesh from the skeletal frame.
(六十三)
復解諸骨骼,審觀至於髓;
當自如是究:何處見精妙?
再將所有的骨骼一一解剖觀察,這樣,從皮膚表層至骨髓,自己應當認真地探究,身體裏面哪裏有「精妙」這東西呢?
And having split open even the bones look right down into the marrow. While examining this ask yourself, “Where is its essence?”
(六十四)
如是勤尋覓,若未見精妙,
何故猶貪著,愛護此垢身?
假如你堅持搜尋下去,你將發現自身沒有任何值得護惜的「精妙」,那為何仍護惜這肉身2?
If, even when searching with such effort you can apprehend no essence, then why with such much attachment are you still guarding this body now?
(六十五)
若垢不堪食,身血不宜飲,
腸胃不適吮,身復何所需?
如果身內的髒物不堪食用,同樣,身內的血液也不能飲用;內臟亦不能吸吮;那麼這身軀對你又有何用處呢?
What use is this body to you if its dirt inside are unfit for you to eat, if its blood is not fit to drink and if its intestines are not fit to be sucked?
(六十六)
貪身唯一因,為護狐鷲食;
故應惜此身,獨為修諸善3。
你貪愛身體唯一的理由只不過是為了保護狐鷲的食物罷了!所以我們維持這個卑賤的身體唯一的目的是讓它作為行善的工具。
At second best it is only fit to be guarded in order to feed the vultures and jackals. This wretched body of humans is an instrument for action.
(六十七)
縱汝護如此,死神不留情,
奪己施鷲狗,屆時復何如?
不管你如何保護和維持它(這身體),當殘酷無情的死主來奪取你的身軀,並且丟棄給鷲鳥和野狗作食物時;你又可以做些什麼呢?
But should you instead guard it with attachment then what will you be able to do when it is stolen by the unsympathetic Lord of Death and given to the dogs and birds?
(六十八)
若僕不堪使,主不與衣食;
養身而它去,為何善養護?
就像僕人不聽使喚時,主人不再給他提供衣著和食用;雖然你縱容它,但這身體終會離你而去,你又為何為了它而忙得力困筋乏呢?
If servants are not given clothing and so forth when they are unable to be employed, then why do you exhaust yourself looking after the flesh alone when even though caring for the body, it goes elsewhere?
(六十九)
即酬彼薪資,當令辦吾利;
無益則於彼,一切不應與。
所以意識啊!你對身軀付上報酬,就必須好好要它成辦善業義利;如果它不能利益我和其他眾生,那麼我就不應再給它任何東西了。
Now having paid my body its wages, I shall engage it in making my life meaningful. But if my body is of no benefit, then I shall not give it anything.
(七十)
念身如舟楫,唯充去來依;
為辦有情利,修成如意身。
應該將身體看成一艘船筏,它唯一的任務是四處航行。為了成辦有情的利益,應將它修煉成如摩尼寶一樣清淨的佛身。
I should conceive of my body as a boat, a mere support for coming and going. And in order to benefit all others transform it into a wish-fulfilling body.
(七十一)
自主己身心,恆常露笑顏。
平息怒紋眉,眾友正實語。
我要努力把持自己的身心,經常面帶笑容,平息憂惱的皺眉與怒容;作眾生的善友,常說正當質直的說話。
Now, while there is freedom to act, I should always present a smiling face and cease to frown and look angry: I should be a friend and counsel of the world.
(七十二)
移座勿隨意,至發大音聲;
開門勿粗暴,常喜寂靜行。
移動床、座等器具之時,不要輕率隨意,以防發出嘈雜的噪音,開門時也不能粗魯,修行人應恆常保持調柔寂靜的行止。
I should desist from inconsiderately and noisily moving around chairs and so forth, as well as from violently opening doors: I should always delight in humility.
(七十三)
水鷗貓盜賊,無聲行隱蔽,
故成所欲事,能仁如是行。
水鷺、貓和竊賊行動時,牠(他)們的行為無聲而隱蔽,因而能達成牠(他)們所求的目標;作為大乘修行人,舉止也應恆常寂靜。
The stork, the cat and the thief, by moving silently and carefully, accomplish what they desire to do; a Bodhisattva too should always behave in this way.
(七十四)
宜善勸勉人,不請饒益語,
恭敬且頂戴,恆為眾人徒。
自己應向別人善巧地請求,以此而得到勸勉向上的善法教授。就算自己沒有請求別人,但是別人好心好意給我們教誡,這時候我們也應樂善接受、恭敬聽取。應以清淨心去看待別人,自己心懷謙下,以徒弟的身份去恭敬身邊每一個人。
With respect I should gratefully accept unsought-after words that are of benefit and that wisely advise and admonish me. At all times I should be a pupil of everyone.
(七十五)
一切妙雋語,皆讚為善說!
見人行福善,歡喜生讚歎。
對於他人所說的一切至理名言,都應稱讚為善說!如果見到別人行持福德善法,就應真誠地隨喜,並加以讚歎!
I should say, “Well said,” to all those who speak Dharma well, and if I see someone doing good I should praise him and be well pleased.
(七十六)
暗稱他人功,隨和他人德;
聞人稱己德,應忖自有無。
(為避諂媚之嫌,)應該暗中稱揚別人的功德,並隨和別人稱揚他人的功德;如果聽到有人稱讚論及自己的功德,應思忖自己是否有如是功德,而不應生驕慢。
I should discreetly talk about the good qualities of others and repeat those that others recount. If my own good qualities are spoken about I should just know and be aware that I have them.
(七十七)
一切行歡喜,此喜價難沽;
故當依他德,安享隨喜樂。
所有(菩薩)的行為都是讓自他得到歡喜,而且這種歡喜難以用金錢買得到。因此你要對別人的功德感到喜悅,從內心發出真摯的喜悅。
All deeds of others are the source of a joy that would be rare even if it could be bought with money. Therefore I should be happy in finding this joy in the good things that are done by others.
(七十八)
如是今無損,來世樂亦多;
反之因嫉苦,後世苦更增。
如果這樣隨喜,對自己今生沒有什麼損害,來世還會獲得很多的安樂;反之,對別人功德生瞋恨,內心因嫉妒而感到憂苦,後世亦將遭受更大的痛苦。
Through doing this I shall suffer no losses in this life and in future lives shall find great happiness. But the fault of disliking their good qualities will make me unhappy and miserable and in future lives I shall find great suffering.
(七十九)
出言當稱意,義明語相關,
悅意離貪瞋,柔和調適中。
我們與別人談話時,談話內容和方式要適合對方根基意樂;說話時,應當將中心意義表達清楚。說一番話,要有一個鮮明的主題,所有話都要緊緊圍繞主題而說,讓聽者能清晰地理解你要闡述的意義;語氣語調等方面要連貫,談吐方式、語言風格應要連續一致,說話不可斷斷續續,影響聽眾的興趣。說話溫和慈愛,使別人生起喜悅,樂意接受;談話要保持正知,保持純正清淨語言,擯棄貪瞋染污意樂,使談吐遠離貪愛、瞋恚等不正語。用溫和文雅的委婉方式去表達,聲調的高低快慢要適中,每次說話不要太多,太多別人會記不住;不能太少,過於精簡,別人聽不懂。
When talking I should speak from my heart and on what is relevant, making the meaning clear and the speech pleasing. I should not speak out of desire or hatred but in gentle tones and in moderation.
(八十)
眼見有情時,誠慈而視之4,
念我依於彼,乃能成佛道。
面對聽眾時,想到自己必須依靠他們(作助緣),才能成就佛果。因此,你必須用慈愛和開放的眼光看待他們。
When beholding someone with my eyes, thinking, “I shall fully awaken through depending upon this being.” I should look at him with an open heart and love.
(八十一)
熱衷恆修善,或依對治興。
施恩悲福田5,成就大福善6。
應當恆常以猛力意樂去行善,或者以強烈對治心來克制煩惱;依這些發心(熱衷、恆常修持,修善法時要有強烈意樂對治煩惱),如果對三寶福田(fields of excellence)、父母師長等恩田(fields of benefit)和苦難眾生悲田(fields of misery)進行供養布施,就會成就廣大的福善。
Always motivated by great aspiration or being motivated by the remedial forces, if I work in the fields of excellence, benefit and misery great virtues will come about.
(八十二)
善巧具信已,即當常修善;
眾善己應為,誰亦不仰仗。
通達了上述善巧方便,且具足信心後,就應當經常去修習利益自他的善法。一切善法都應主動去修學,不要依賴他人的督促、幫助。
Endowed with wisdom and joy I should undertake all that I do, I need not depend upon anyone else in any actions that I undertake.
(八十三)
施等波羅蜜,層層漸升進;
勿因小失大,大處思利他7。
布施、持戒等六波羅蜜的修習,應依次第層層增上而行;不要因拘泥於小小德行而捨去較大善法,善法大小,應該在利他層面上來考慮。
The perfections such as generosity are progressively more exalted. But for a little morality I should not forsake a great gift. Principally I should consider what will be of the most benefit for others.
第七講完
註釋
1 這一頌梵文用木雕像(pure wooden statue)和機器(machine)來形容身軀,但漢文重視形象美感,故如石法師以淨樹、臭皮囊這些漢傳佛典慣用的詞彙,用樹身代表木刻雕像,用臭皮囊代替機器。
2 藏本將此句改為:「為何你仍滿心欲望,為了擁有這肉身而感到快慰呢?」
3 英譯本與這句頌文的意思出入很大。如石法師譯為:「所以我們維持身體,唯一目的是利用它去修習善法。」Wallace依梵本英譯為 “This wretched body of humans is an instrument for action(這個卑賤的身體確實是行為的工具)…”而Padmakara Translation Group依藏本英譯為“The value of this human form lies only in the way that it is used(人的形軀,價值只取決於我們如何利用它)…”英譯本都很中性地說身體只不過是行為的媒介工具,沒有說應以此身來修善。拙朽認為漢人寫文章,歷來都傾向「文以載道」的傳統,身心亦如文義不可分割,歐美以中性或第三身的“it”代名詞來形容自己這身體;這是中外語文的差異而已。寂天菩薩為印度人,語法思惟近似英文。「這個卑賤的身體確實是行為的工具」,相信較合寂天菩薩的原意。
4 如石法師引《入菩薩行論廣釋》一五零頁說:「有的梵本作『視如飲甘泉』。意思是說:遇見有情的時候,要像口渴難耐的人喝下清涼的冷飲,立刻感到心滿意足一樣;以最歡喜的心情來看待有情。」
5 如果以恆毅、長久發心、強烈意樂,切實針對煩惱,以福、恩、悲田為對境,修持供養、布施等各種善法,即使布施之物極微薄,但是依靠福、恩、悲田等殊勝緣起力,也能在很短的時間內,獲得無量福德資糧。
6《入行細疏》(Pañjikā):「梵文版第六十九頁提到,『福田』是指諸佛菩薩聖眾等;『恩田』是自己的母親、父親;而空觀(meditation of emptiness)是一種對治(antidote),用來對治煩惱。」
7「大處思利他」在梵文原典及《入行細疏》譯為「菩薩行的橋樑」(The bridge of the Bodhisattva way of life)。梵文版第六十九頁這樣解釋:「菩薩行是為了護持功德水而建立的橋樑,具有護持修煉過程的特性。」舉例說,雖然在某種情況下施身是最殊勝的布施,但也不應只是為了滿足別的眾生的饑餓而浪費了我們寶貴的人身。應常考慮清楚什麼是最能利益他人的,然後以信心和為人設想的理解之心去進行。這處如石法師以「大處思利他」意譯代「菩薩行的橋樑」是高明之處。
應用討論問題
一)寂天菩薩認為我們不能修持攝善法戒最大的原因是貪愛著自己這個身體。你怎樣去理解這個論點?你同意嗎?
二)能仁本來是對釋迦牟尼佛的一種尊稱,釋迦意為「能」,牟尼意為「寂默」「仁」,釋迦牟尼(Śākya-muni)全意譯為清淨調馴,能行持苦行。但在第五品第七十三頌,能仁解作「修學大乘佛法的人」,又說「能仁如是行」。試解釋這「行」是什麼?為何這種行變成菩薩必須具備的條件?
三)菩薩以利行攝受利益眾生,試以寂天菩薩《入菩薩行》第五品頌七十一至七十八的意思來說明如何利行攝引眾生。 |