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 第五講 【護正知品】
 
 Lecture 5 : Chapter Five Guarding Alertness
 
 日期:二零零三年五月三日

第四品〈不放逸〉和第五品〈護正知〉都是討論發起持守菩薩戒後如何守戒的問題。寂天菩薩在第四品提出使我們破誓毀戒最大的原因是自己內心為煩惱所轉(overwhelmed by disturbing emotions)。所以先以「不放逸」,時刻拚命對治煩惱,中觀應成派聖天菩薩在《四百論》第六品說:「人生最苦的是什麼?就是我們沒有確認煩惱帶來痛苦的能力;當被煩惱纏著時,此時我們已被削去擺脫它們的動力。」聖天菩薩更指出,以禁欲或苦行來約束身體不能令自己擺脫煩惱,更不能阻止我們造作染污的行為,因為煩惱已在我們心內植根;因此,要了解煩惱,要了解它們運作,它們帶來的後果是什麼,才能避免為煩惱所困擾,才能利樂有情。師承聖天菩薩,寂天菩薩在第五品〈護正知〉提出,我們不要戒條,外在的戒律只是為當時特殊的處境(particular circumstance)而訂出的戒條;要持守菩薩戒,重點在保護修行者的內心。他說:「欲護學處(戒律)者,策勵當護心;此心不能護,云何能護戒?」寂天菩薩跟著引用佛的教示:「一切諸怖畏,無量眾苦痛,皆從心所生。」並罕有地說佛是究竟量士夫,衡審真理的標準,他認為一切痛苦非來自外界,而是完全由內心創造出來,並沒有外在的力量或造物主能操控我們;反之,快樂、痛苦、美好、醜陋,完全是個人及群體業力共創而已。寂天菩薩補充說:「若不知此心,奧秘法中尊,求樂或避苦,無義終飄泊。」依據這個奧秘,寂天菩薩提出六度依心,並提醒修行人,就算是長時期誦經,甚至苦行,「然心散它處,佛說彼無益。」最後,寂天菩薩得出一個結論:「我云何修行,修行唯護心。」但接著的問題是:如何去守護這顆心?要了知護心的工作很艱巨,現象界中最具殺傷力的煩惱時常尾隨著我們;寂天菩薩提供兩件工具給我們,讓我們護持這顆菩提心,一是正知(alertness, samprajanya),內心那份時刻仔細、清楚地監察著身、語、意三門的力量;二是正念(mindfulness, smrti),內心非常清楚、中效地知道對境的事情何者「應取」、何者「應捨」。其中正念尤緊要;當我們覺知自己對善惡不知取捨,受煩惱控制時,立即告訴自己下三惡趣的痛苦,正念便會住回內心!正念安住內心後,「正知即隨臨,逝者亦復返」。

(一)
欲護學處者,策勵當護心,
此心不能護,云何能護戒。
對於希望守護生命正道的人,他們必須徹底地保護自己的心。如果不能守護好這顆心,根本不能守持任何戒律。
Those who wish to guard their practice should very attentively guard their minds.  For those who do not guard their minds will be unable to guard their practice.

(二)
若縱狂象心,受難無間獄;
未馴大狂象,為患不及此。
如果放縱那如狂象一般粗野放逸的心,這將帶我們墮進無間地獄的痛苦中。即使世間最兇猛的狂象,也不能為我們帶來如此嚴重的災難。
In this world subdued and crazed elephants are incapable of causing such harms as the miseries of the deepest hell which can be caused by the unleashed elephant of my mind.

(三)
念索常執持,繫縛於心象,
得離放逸怖,獲一切福善。
但假使我們用正念的繩索,緊緊地拴住那如狂象粗野的心,內心的恐懼便會完全消失,每一點的功德也會流進我們手中。
But if the elephant of my mind is firmly bound on all sides by the rope of mindfulness, all fears will cease to exist and all virtues will come into my hand.

(四)
虎獅大象熊,蛇及一切敵,
有情地獄卒,及惡神羅剎,
獅子、老虎、大象、巨熊、毒蛇等一切具敵意的野獸,地獄的獄卒,還有惡鬼羅剎等妖魔鬼怪;
Tigers, lions, elephants, bears, snakes and all form of enemies, the guardians of the hell worlds, evil spirits and cannibals,

(五)
若能繫一心,一切皆能繫;
若自降一心,一切自降伏。
只要簡單地以正念來約束著這顆心,這一切的怖畏自然會受到控制。調伏這顆心,所有害敵都變得馴服。
Will all be bound by binding my mind alone, and all will be subdued by subduing my mind alone.

(六)
實語者佛言:「一切諸怖畏,
無量眾苦痛,皆從心所生。」
實語者(究竟量士夫)佛陀曾說過:「世上一切恐懼和焦慮,以及一切無量的痛苦,都是從內心產生出來的。」
The Perfect Teacher himself has shown that in this way all fears as well as all boundless miseries originate from the mind.

(七)
地獄眾苦器,何人故意造?
誰製燒鐵地?女眾從何出?1
地獄刑具使眾生受盡苦楚,是誰令他們受這樣的苦?這樣做有何目的?是誰製造熱的鐵板地呢?這些魔女是從哪裏來的?
Who intentionally created all the weapons for those in hell?  Who created the burning iron ground?  From where did all the women in hell ensue?

(八)
佛說彼一切,皆由惡心造,
是故三界中,恐怖莫甚心。
佛說這一切都是由惡心而來,在三界之內,沒有其他東西比惡心更能帶來禍害。
The Mighty One has said that all such things are the workings of an evil mind.  Hence within the three world spheres, there is nothing to fear other than my mind.

(九)
若除眾生貧,始圓施度者,
今猶見饑貧,昔佛云何成?
假如圓滿布施波羅蜜能驅除眾生的貧窮,但貧窮仍然依舊常與我們結伴,那麼,往昔諸佛是如何修持圓滿的布施波羅蜜呢?
If the perfection of generosity is the alleviation of the world’s poverty, then since beings are still starving now in what manner did the previous Buddhas perfect it?

(十)
心樂與眾生,身財及果德,
依此施度圓;故施唯依心。
所謂圓滿布施波羅蜜是:內心樂意將身體、一切財物和果位功德,作為禮物,賜予每一眾生,經教說這就是布施圓滿。因此,布施波羅蜜完全是依心而圓滿。
The perfection of generosity is said to be the thought to give all beings everything, together with the fruit of such a thought hence it is simply a state of mind.

(十一)
逐魚至何方,始得不遭傷?
斷盡惡心時,說為戒度圓。
需要將魚兒等有情安置到哪個地方,才不至受到傷害呢?決意不傷害牠們,完全捨離殺盜等惡念時,就是持戒圓滿。
Nowhere has the killing of fish and other creatures been eradicated; for the attainment of merely the thought to forsake such things is explained as the perfection of moral discipline.

(十二)
頑者如虛空,豈能盡制彼?
若息此瞋心,則同滅眾敵。
頑劣的有情多得如虛空–何時才能把它們全部降伏呢?如果能息滅內在的瞋心的話,則等同消滅了外在的一切怨敵。
Unruly beings are as unlimited as space; they cannot possibly all be overcome, but if I overcome thoughts of anger alone this will be equivalent to vanquishing all foes.

(十三)
大地量無邊,何皮而能蓋?
片革墊靴底,即同覆大地。
(為了保護雙足,避免被刺傷)如果要用牛皮來鋪大地,那麼你可以找到多少片牛皮才足以把它全面覆蓋呢?不過,只要你用適量的牛皮來包著自己雙腳,不就等於用牛皮鋪滿大地嗎?
Where would I possibly find enough leather with which to cover the surface of the earth?  But wearing leather just on the soles of my shoes is equivalent to covering the earth with it.

(十四)
如是吾不克,盡制諸外敵;
吾應制此心,何勞制其餘?
同樣,我們不可能將外界所有仇敵全部制服,而只要調伏自心瞋恨,還有什麼外在敵人需要被制服呢?
Likewise it is not possible for me to restrain the external course of things; but should I restrain this mind of mine what would be the need to restrain all else?

(十五)
生一明定心,亦得梵天果;
身口業縱善,心弱難成就。
僅是生起一份清淨堅定的心意,便能獲得生梵天的果2;身口縱然勤行善,要是內心意樂萎弱3,便不能生起如此(生梵天)的果。
Although the development of merely a clear state of concentration can result in taking rebirth in Brahma’s realm, physical and vocal actions cannot so result when accompanied by weak mental conduct.

(十六)
雖久習念誦,及餘眾苦行,
然心散它處,佛說彼無益。
雖然長時期修習誦經和其他苦行,但心卻向其他的外緣流散,了知真理的佛陀說:「那是毫無利益的。」
The knower of reality has said that even if recitation and physical hardships are practiced for long periods of time, they will be meaningless if the mind is distracted elsewhere.

(十七)
若不知此心,奧秘法中尊,
求樂或避苦,無義終飄泊。
對「心的奧秘」缺乏認知,又不深入了解佛法的殊勝精要,縱然他們努力追求快樂,避免痛苦,但仍免不了無意義地在輪迴中流轉。
Even those who wish to find happiness and overcome misery will wander with no aim nor meaning if they do not comprehend the secret of the mind – the paramount significance of Dharma.

(十八)
我云何修行?修行唯護心!
除此護心戒,何勞持餘戒?
既然如此,我(作為修行人)應好好地抓緊自心,好好地守護著它;除了(以正知正念)守護心的禁戒外,其他諸多(苛刻)的禁戒對我有何用?
This being so, I shall hold and guard my mind well.  Without the discipline of guarding the mind, what use are many other disciplines?

(十九)
如處亂眾中,人皆慎護瘡;
置身惡人群,常護此心傷。
比如身處混亂的人群中,我們會小心翼翼地保護自己受了傷的傷口;同樣,身處煩惱惡友群中生活時,我們也要好好護持著自己受了傷的心。
Just as I would be attentive and careful of a wound when amidst a bustling uncontrolled crowd, so I should always guard the wound of my mind when dwelling among harmful people.

(二十)
若懼小瘡痛,猶慎護瘡傷;
畏山夾毀者,何不護心傷?
倘若我們不想傷口和疤痕再受創,便要細心保護自己的傷口。我們為何不保護自己內心的瘡傷,免得再受眾合地獄懸崖榨壓夾碎的痛楚4呢?
And if I am careful of a wound through fear of it being slightly hurt, then why do I not guard the wound of my mind through fear of being crushed by the mountains of hell?

(二十一)
行持若如斯,縱住惡人群。
抑處女人窩,勤律終不退。
假如這就是我平時(小心謹慎)行持和生活的方式,那麼就算是活在瞋恚煩惱深重的惡人群中,或是與下賤婦人為伴,一切都不成問題了;我精勤地持戒,始終不會退減。
Should I behave in such a way as this, then whether among harmful people or even in the midst of women, the steady effort to control myself will not decline.

(二十二)
吾寧失利養,資身眾活計,
亦寧失餘善,終不損此心。
我寧願減少財富、榮耀和地位,乃至健康和養命維生之計;甚至寧願失壞其他的善行功德,也不願有一刻損害這顆(正知正念的)心。
It is better to be without wealth, honor, body and livelihood; and it is better to let other virtues deteriorate, rather than ever to let the virtues of the mind decline.

(二十三)
合掌誠勸請,欲護自心者,
致力恆守護,正念與正知!
我合起雙掌,誠懇地叮嚀那些願意護持自心者;一定要致力於守護的要領:(清楚地知道當取和當捨的)正念和(清楚仔細觀察三門的)正知5
O you who wish to guard your minds, I beseech you with folded hands; always exert yourself to guard mindfulness and alertness!

(二十四)
身疾所困者,無力為諸業;
惑擾心亦然,無力成善業。
身體為疾病所困擾的人,沒有力量去做各種事業;同樣,沒有正知的心(惑擾心),受無明障蔽,什麼善法都無法完成。
People who are disturbed by sickness have no strength to do anything useful, likewise those whose minds are disturbed by confusion have no strength to do anything wholesome.

(二十五)
心無正知者,聞思修所得,
如瓶之滲漏,不復住正念。
自心沒有以正知警策三門的人,他們雖然聽聞、思考和修持佛法,但他們會如水裝在漏孔的瓶一樣,所學之法將不會在他們的意識中留下來。
Whatever has been learnt, contemplated and meditated upon by those whose minds lack alertness, just like water in a leaking vase, will not be retained in their memory.

(二十六)
縱信復多聞,數數勤精進,
然因無正知,終染犯墮垢。
有很多人具足奉獻心,性格堅毅;而且學識廣博,充滿信心。可惜因為缺乏警策三門的正知毛病,最終還是會為墮罪所染。
Even those who have much learning, faith and willing perseverance will become defiled by a moral fall due to the mistake of lacking alertness.

(二十七)
惑賊不正知,尾隨念失後,
盜昔所聚福,令墮諸惡趣。
不正知這個煩惱賊躲在一角,當正念減弱時,他們便趁機立即竄入,盜走人們以前所積集的福德,使人在不知不覺中墮向惡趣。
The thieves of unalertness, in following upon the decline of mindfulness, will steal even the merits I have firmly gathered so that I shall then proceed to lower realms.

(二十八)
煩惱眾盜賊,尋隙欲打劫,
得便奪善財,復毀善趣命。
這群煩惱的盜賊,正在等待著機會去傷害我們;乘隙奪走我們的善根,甚至要毀壞我們獲得善趣解脫的命根。
The host of thieves who are my own disturbing conceptions will search for a good opportunity.  Having found it they will steal my virtue and destroy the attainment of life in a happy realm.

(二十九)
故終不稍縱,正念離意門,
離則思諸患,復住於正念。
因此,我們無論何時都不應該放縱正念,任由它離開心意的大門。一旦離開,我們就要透過憶念下惡道的極度痛苦,然後把心重新安住在正念上。
Therefore I shall never let mindfulness depart from the doorway of my mind.  If it goes, I should recall the misery of the lower realms and firmly re-established it there.

(三十)
恆隨上師尊,堪布賜開示,
畏敬有緣者,恆易生正念。
經常跟隨上師尊長,聽聞堪布開示正法,透過畏懼墮落的心理,這樣有善根而又敬信佛法的人,會經常生出正念。
Through staying in the company of spiritual masters, through the instructions of abbots and through fear, mindfulness will easily be generated in fortunate people who practice with respect.

(三十一)
佛及菩薩眾,無礙見一切,
故吾諸言行,必現彼等前。
諸佛和菩薩具清淨無礙見,能諦見諸法。因此我們所有行為和心念,必然能呈現在他們眼前。
I am ever dwelling in the presence of all the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas who are always endowed with unobstructed vision.

(三十二)
如是思惟已,則生慚敬畏,
循此復極易,殷殷隨念佛。
如此思惟後,就會對自己不如法的行為和心念生起慚愧,對上師三寶生起敬畏之心,因而恆念正法;同時,依此也很容易使自己殷切地隨生佛想。
By thinking in this way I shall mindfully develop a sense of shame, respect and fear.  Also through doing this, recollection of the Buddha will repeatedly occur.

(三十三)
為護心意門,安住正念已,
正知即隨臨,逝者亦復返。
當正念(好像哨兵般)穩定地守護心意門,(徹底仔細檢察防止煩惱侵襲)而將心安住於(憶念善法)正法後,正知也就自然地隨著來臨,有時暫失壞(忘念或散亂)時,都能隨即返回。
When mindfulness is set with the purpose of guarding the doorway of the mind, then alertness will come about and even that which has gone will return.

第五講完

註釋
1 在八熱地獄的等活地獄中,由於眾生瞋恚心而造種種惡業,繼而下墮此地獄中受報。眾生由共同業力牽引,聚匯一處極灼熱鐵地基上,熾燃暗紅的餘燼,猶如雪霰飛舞盤繞。在無間地獄的鐵柱山地獄中,違犯梵行和行邪淫的眾生受業力牽引,聽到山頂傳來往昔愛侶的呼喚聲,便奮力向山上攀登,此時被鐵樹向下生長的樹葉刺入胸膛,直穿後背;到了山頂,卻又找不到昔日的愛侶,只聽得山下傳來愛侶呼喊他們的聲音。因業力牽引,他們又向山下奔去,這時鐵葉反向上生長,傷口未癒,又重新受重創;到了山腳,愛侶卻變成可怖的鐵男鐵女,從後擁抱著他們,吞噬他們的頭,白色的腦漿從幻變的愛侶嘴角流出,異常痛苦。
2《涅槃經》記載從前有一對母女共渡恆河,豈料河水突然暴漲,母女不幸同為大水所溺。這時母親想:「如果女兒不被水淹死,那麼我死掉又何妨!」女兒亦同樣的想:「如果母親不被水淹死,那麼我死掉亦何妨!」母女倆人最後不幸都給水淹死,但因她們一念善心,死後同生梵天。
3 這裏指那些縱然自殘身體而修習苦行多年的外道,就連梵天善果也得不到,例如《長老偈》記載他們的苦行:「整整廿五年,塵垢積身滿;鬚髮手拔除,每月僅一餐。單足而站立,床座不近身;吃得乾屎糞,供施皆不取。」雖然他們希望生天,但卻不知道(背後)一切善果其實皆由心而生。他們這樣自殘身心,根本是違背精進,無法成就善果。佛家將這種愚癡的表現稱為怠惰。
4 眾生受業力牽引,墮至眾合地獄的山谷。山谷兩旁幻化往昔為他們殺害的麋鹿和山羊,他們的角尖燃著火,山谷兩旁的山互相猛烈撞擊,眾生身體頓時受到不可思議的恐懼和粉身碎骨的痛苦。跟著兩山分開,殺生者再次復活,而且又再如前般聚在山谷間感受極大的痛苦。
5 正念(mindfulness):很清楚、正確地知道「當取」和「當捨」的行為。正知(alertness):清楚、仔細地監察自己的身、語、意。


應用討論問題
一)寂天菩薩說:「諸害由心生」,放縱自心就像讓未能馴服的狂象跑到鬧市裏去,帶來大災禍。試闡述其理及解決方法。
二)巴楚仁波切主張不放逸修行,時常以正知觀照自己三門,以正念憶念善法,哪些應取,哪些應捨。早起夜寢都要自省有多少善業,多少惡業,進行策勉懺悔。試引巴楚仁波切早晚祈願文以對。
三)寂天菩薩認為如果能調伏自己這顆心,所有怨害都變得馴服,所謂:「若自降一心,一切自降伏」(第五頌)。試以密勒日巴在山洞修行,受魔女及阿咱瑪作害;但密勒日巴以降調自心,感化魔怨,自行隱退這事實來說明。
四)佛說:「一切諸怖畏,無量眾苦痛,皆從心所生」(第六頌)。試舉地獄現象,引證「佛說彼一切,皆由惡心造」(第八頌)的道理。
五)第五品由第九頌至第十七頌,寂天菩薩提出六度依心原理,試引頌文闡述其意。
六)寂天菩薩說:「除此護心戒,何勞持餘戒。」意思是說除了護持自心之外,其他的戒律有什麼用呢?你怎樣去理解「何勞持餘戒」?此外,你認為寂天菩薩的中觀思想與中土禪宗六祖的「心平何勞持戒」有何同異之處?
七)內心沒有正知,會產生何種過患?如何才能使正知重回內心?
八)根據寂天菩薩所說,如何才可使正念在內心較容易生起?試引頌說明。
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