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 第十三講【安忍品】
 
 Lecture 13 : Chapter Six Patience
 
 日期:二零零四年三月六日

這次講座提到行菩薩道的佛弟子對眾生不但不能瞋恨惱害,反而要更進一步以恭敬心去對待他們;原因是就幫助修行人成佛這點來說,眾生和諸佛的效用都是一樣。所以隨順眾生對修行人積集福德來說,是必修的一項德目。此外,寂天菩薩又提到佛陀在無始輪迴以來做過種種偉大的利生事業,肯定我們亦曾經因而受惠,為了報答佛恩,我們好應該做一些令佛歡喜的事;例如請佛寬恕自己以前因傷害眾生而令祂傷心的事,保證以後永遠不再傷害眾生;儘量做些利益眾生的事,令佛歡喜。最後,寂天菩薩提出安忍的具體利益:修行人在證菩提果前修安忍能貌美健康、得長壽和享有名譽,甚至得到種種轉輪王的快樂;還有,安忍可以令佛喜、成自利和除去世間苦等修行功德。

(一一二)
本師牟尼說,生佛勝福田1
常敬生佛者,圓滿達彼岸。
因此釋迦牟尼佛說,佛和眾生都是殊勝的福田。那些經常尊敬佛和眾生的修行人,都能圓滿自他二利而到達彼岸。
Therefore the Mighty One has said that the field of sentient beings is (similar to) a Buddha-field, for many who have pleased them have thereby reached perfection.

(一一三)
成佛所依緣,有情等諸佛。
敬佛不敬眾,豈有此言教?
就修行成佛所依的助緣來說,佛和眾生同等重要。如果敬重諸佛而不敬重眾生,這種言行與正法不相應。2
A Buddha’s qualities are gained from the sentient beings and the Conquerors alike, so why do I not respect them in the same way as I respect the Conquerors?

(一一四)
非說智德等,由用故云等;
有情助成佛,故說生佛等。
我並非說眾生與佛的智慧功德相等,而是由於二者都有助成佛果的作用(這一種特定方面來說),二者相等。恭敬有情是成佛的根本助緣3,所以說眾生和佛是相等的。
(Of course) they are not similar in the quality of their intentions but only in the fruits (that they produce); so it is in this respect that they have excellent qualities and are therefore (said to be) equal.

(一一五)
懷慈供有情,因彼尊貴故,
敬佛福德廣,亦因佛尊貴。4
心懷慈悲去供養有情的福德廣大,顯示出有情是尊貴的悲田;對佛陀生起敬信而積集的福德廣大無邊,相應地顯出佛陀是尊貴的福田。
Whatever merit comes from venerating one with a loving mind is due to the eminence of sentient beings.  And in the same way the merit of having faith in Buddha is due to the eminence of Buddha.

(一一六)
助修成佛者,故許二相等,
然彼非等佛,無邊功德海。
因眾生是幫助修行人成佛的因緣,所以在這點上應承認眾生與佛是相等的。然而眾生的功德完全不能和諸佛的無邊功德海相比。
Therefore they are asserted to be equal in the share they have in establishing Buddha-qualities.  But none of them are equal (in good qualities) with the Buddhas who are boundless oceans of excellence.

(一一七)
唯佛功德齊,於具少分者,
雖供三界物,猶嫌不得足。
唯有佛陀圓滿了最勝的斷證功德。若誰人具有佛其中少分的功德,對這些人來說,就算三界內所有的寶物悉皆供養,仍然是不足夠的。
Even if the three realms were offered, it would be insufficient in paying veneration to those few beings in whom a mere share of the good qualities of the Unique Assemblage of Excellence appears.

(一一八)
有情具功德,能生勝佛法,
唯因此德符,即應供有情。
因此,每一個眾生都具有引生殊勝佛果的功德;單單是這份名符其實的功德,就足以證明眾生是我們應該尊崇的對象了。
Thus since sentient beings have a share in giving rise to the supreme Buddha-qualities, surely it is correct to venerate them as they are similar in merely this respect.

(一一九)
無偽眾生親,諸佛唯利生,
除令有情喜,何足報佛恩?5
佛陀是眾生最好的親友,因為他的心已離一切欺瞞、虛偽;所做的事只是利益眾生而已。這麼大的恩情,除了同樣去做利益眾生,讓眾生歡喜的事情外,我們還有什麼更好的方法來報答佛恩呢?
Furthermore, what way is there to repay (the Buddhas) who grant immeasurable benefit and who befriend the world without pretension, other than by pleasing sentient beings?

(一二零)
利生方足報,捨身入獄佛,
故我雖受害,亦當行眾善。
既然只有利益眾生才足以報答為眾生捨身以及入無間地獄的諸佛之恩德,那我就算受到眾生無故的傷害也好,亦應當安忍無怨,廣行諸善。
Therefore since benefiting these beings will repay those who give their bodies and enter the deepest hell for their sake, I shall behave impeccably in all (that I do) even if they cause me a great deal of harm.

(一二一)
諸佛為有情,尚且不惜身,
愚癡驕慢我,何不侍眾生?
尊貴的怙主諸佛為了利樂有情,尚且不惜自身;愚癡的我,為何這麼傲慢,不去像僕役一樣恭敬承侍眾生呢?6
When for their sake, those who are my Lords have no regard even for their own bodies, then why am I the fool so full of self-importance?  Why do I not act like a servant towards them?

(一二二)
眾樂佛歡喜,眾苦佛傷悲,
悅眾佛愉悅,犯眾亦傷佛7
眾生幸福快樂,諸佛也會示現歡喜;如果眾生遭受苦害,諸佛就會悲傷難過。因此,我們使眾生歡喜,諸佛也會歡喜,倘若惡意侵害有情,也就是傷害了諸佛。
Because of their happiness the Conquerors are delighted, but if they are harmed they are displeased.  Hence by pleasing them I shall delight the Conquerors and by banning them I shall hurt the Conquerors.

(一二三)
遍身著火者,與欲樂不生;
若傷諸有情,云何悅諸佛?
全身上下著火的人,縱使你給他所有欲樂享受,他心裏也不會有快樂;同樣,如果傷害眾生,試問還有什麼辦法能讓諸佛生歡喜呢?
Just as desirable sense-objects would give my mind no pleasure if my body was ablaze with fire.  Likewise when living creatures are in pain there is no way for the Compassionate Ones to be pleased.

(一二四)
往昔害眾生,令佛傷心懷,
眾罪我今悔,祈佛盡寬恕!
由於我往昔傷害過眾生,使悲愍眾生的諸佛傷心難過,所有這一切罪過,我今天都發露懺悔,祈求諸佛慈悲寬恕。
Therefore as I harm living beings, today I openly declare all my unwholesome acts that have brought displeasure to the Compassionate Ones.  Please bear with me, O Lords, for this displeasure I have caused you.

(一二五)
為令如來喜,止害利世間,
任他踐吾頂,寧死悅世主。
為了讓如來歡喜,我從現在起,發誓不作傷害眾生的惡業,同時更要積極地利益世間,那怕眾生踐踏我的頭頂,我至死也要安忍,令世間怙主高興。
From now on, in order to delight the Tathāgatas I shall serve the universe and definitely cease to cause harm.  Although many beings may kick and stamp upon my head even at the risk of dying may I delight the Protectors of the World by not retaliating.

(一二六)
大悲諸佛尊,視眾猶如己,
生佛既同體,何不敬眾生8
具有大悲自性的佛陀,已將這個世間的眾生當成是祂自己;祂無疑已見到:佛與眾生在體性上無二無別;那麼我們為何不敬重這些眾生怙主呢?
There is no doubt that those with the nature of compassion regard all these beings (are the same) as themselves.  Furthermore, those who see (this Buddha-nature) as the nature of sentient beings see the Buddhas themselves: why then do I not respect sentient beings?

(一二七)
悅眾令佛喜,能成自利益,
能除世間苦,故應常安忍9
安忍怨害、利樂眾生,能使如來歡喜,能成辦自己的利益,也能消除世間眾生的痛苦,因此我要恆常修習安忍。
Pleasing living beings delights the Tathāgatas and perfectly accomplishes my own purpose as well.  In addition it dispels the pain and misery of the universe, therefore I should always practice it.

(一二八)
譬如大王臣,雖傷眾多人,
謀深慮遠者,力堪不報復;
譬如國王手下的大臣,雖然傷害了很多人,但有遠見、識時務的人,縱然有力量也不會瞋怒報復;
For example, should some of the king’s men cause harm to many people, farsighted men would not return the harm even if they were able to do so.

(一二九)
因敵力非單,王勢即彼緣;
故敵力雖弱,不應輕忽彼。
因為他們知道仇敵不只是一個人的力量,國王的威勢就是他的依靠。同樣,傷害我的仇敵縱然能力薄弱,但我也不應輕易報復。
For they see that these men are not alone but are supported by the might of the king.  Likewise I should not underestimate weak beings who cause me a little harm.

(一三零)
悲佛與獄卒,吾敵眾依怙,
故如民侍君,普令有情喜。
因為慈愛眾生的佛陀和懲治罪行的獄卒都是仇敵的依怙10;所以,我應該像庶民侍奉君主一樣,恆常隨順恭敬,使一切有情皆大歡喜。
For they are supported by the guardians of hell and by all the Compassionate Ones.  So (behaving) like the subjects of that fiery king I should please all sentient beings.

(一三一)
暴君縱生瞋,不能令墮獄;
然犯諸有情,定遭地獄害11
殘暴的君王無論怎樣生氣,也不能把人打入地獄受苦;但是,如果瞋怒有情,卻會帶來地獄的苦害。
Even if such a king were to become angry, could he cause the pain of hell, which is the fruit I would have to experience by displeasing sentient beings?

(一三二)
如是王雖喜,不能令成佛,
然悅諸眾生,終成無上覺。
同樣,使一個有權勢的國王再高興,也不能賜我成佛的安樂;但是取悅眾生,最後一定可以圓滿無上正覺。
And even if such a king were to be kind, he could not possibly grant me Buddhahood, which is the fruit I would obtain by pleasing sentient beings.

(一三三)
云何猶不見,取悅有情果?
來生成正覺,今世享榮耀。
為什麼我還看不出,取悅有情產生的巨大善果呢?取悅有情,能在未來成就佛果,今生也可以享受美譽等榮耀。
Why do I not see that my future attainment of Buddhahood as well as glory, renown and happiness in this very life all come from pleasing sentient beings?

(一三四)
生生修忍得:貌美無病障,
譽雅命久長,樂等轉輪王12
在生死輪迴之中,修習安忍也能使人得到:莊嚴殊妙的容貌、沒有病痛障礙的健康身體、美好的名聲、長壽久住,甚至能得到如轉輪王一般的快樂。
While in cyclic existence patience causes beauty, health and renown.  Because of these I shall live for a very long time and win the extensive pleasures of the Universal King Cakravarti.

第六品完
第十三講完
註釋

1佛在《華嚴經》〈行願品〉說過:「復次善男子,言恆順眾生者,謂盡法界虛空界,十方剎海,所有眾生若胎生...我皆於彼隨順而轉。種種承事,種種供養,如敬父母,如奉師長,及阿羅漢,乃至如來,等無有異。...」所以對眾生不但不能瞋恨惱害,而且還要進一步以恭敬心對待。
2例如《華嚴經》〈行願品〉說:「譬如曠野沙磧之中,有大樹王;若根得水,枝葉華果,悉皆繁茂。生死曠野菩提樹王,亦復如是。一切眾生而為樹根,諸佛菩薩而為華果,以大悲水饒益眾生,則能成就諸佛菩薩智慧華果。...善男子,汝於此義,應如是解:以於眾生心平等故,則能成就圓滿大悲。以大悲心隨順眾生故,則能成就供養如來。」
3根據《佛本生傳》〈白蓮花論〉記載:「世尊於無量劫畏宣妙音王如來佛法隱末期,化現為常不輕菩薩。當時佛教出現很多增上慢比丘,但這常不輕菩薩(即未來的釋迦牟尼佛),既不誦經,亦不說法;但他每遇到任何眾生,只重覆地說這句話:『我絕不會輕視你。大尊者,你不會受到我任何欺凌。為何如此?因你們皆行菩薩行,將來必獲圓滿佛果。』當時常不輕菩薩這種濁世清流行徑雖遭受多方面的排斥,甚至身體亦受到痛擊,但他仍堅持這種做法。以此因緣,常不輕菩薩於虛空中得畏宣妙音王如來傳授妙法白蓮花法門;而且經過精進修持後得神變、誓言、辯才和智慧四力成就,並以此法門調伏教化眾生。當時不少人都對常不輕菩薩生起敬意,並發起菩提心,種下獲圓滿果位的因緣。」
4因為佛陀偉大,所以我們堅信供養祂就能獲得功德;同樣,眾生則具備菩提心和善良。如果我們認為菩提心和善良偉大,眾生亦同樣值得我們禮敬。
5漢傳《楞嚴經》說:「將此深心奉塵剎,是則名為報佛恩。」意思是要把成佛,跟著化度眾生的心願付諸實踐,供奉微塵數諸佛,才算是報答佛恩。
6這並不是要你做大眾的奴僕,斟茶遞水;而是讓自己透過恭敬承侍眾生,除了令佛歡喜外,自己菩提心亦能日益增長。正如農夫為了要有好的收成,得把農田整理好,而不是要農夫做耕田的僕人,要農夫好好地去蕪草移碎石,才能在這片土地上有好的收成。
7巴楚仁波切在《心止師教》中說:「如果殺害眾生,以血肉供養本尊聖眾,其實就如同在母親面前殺死她的獨子,然後以兒子的血肉供養母親一樣,這樣做一切大悲智慧尊都會悶絕,那裏還有可能生歡喜心呢?」(《心止師教》II第六十五頁)又例如現今有很多人在佛前供花果,希望聖眾生起歡喜加持。但在花果供品看到小蟲,就馬上夾起扔掉,不管小蟲死活。其實這是對諸佛聖尊最大的傷害,這種供養是沒有意義的。
8以前我們以「我見」作主人,現在轉換以眾生作主人,不管眾生怎樣對待自己,我們都要安忍。
9這句偈頌說明了修安忍三種利益:令佛喜、成自利和除世間苦。
10由於佛陀視眾生如同自己的子女,如果報復傷害弱小有情,無疑也違逆傷害了佛,自己解脫成佛的願望亦落空;此外,如果我們因瞋恨而報復弱小仇敵,殘害眾生,犯下惡業,就會被抓到地獄去,受種種酷刑鋸裂劈割,烊熱銅水澆灌。如果考慮到這種損害弱小仇敵的行為會為自己帶來遠離諸佛聖賢行列,結果招致閻羅獄卒的折磨痛苦,你會選擇安忍仇敵的損害,抑或對仇敵瞋害報復呢?
11寂天菩薩在這裏提醒害怕冒犯權威的一般人,例如軍官、富豪、政客等,可是卻不在乎損害眾生;害怕眼前輕微的苦害,卻不介意將來遭受巨大的痛苦;這完全是我們目光短淺,受邪見影響,不明因果所致。
12轉輪王(Universal King Cakravarti):根據佛經傳說,在人壽八萬四千歲的遠古時期,有一個統治宇宙的大王出現,統治四大洲;當時天空出現一個巨大的輪,只要轉輪王往何地方去,這個巨大的輪就會好像超級無敵的武器一樣,跟著到那處降伏當地國家,令他們歸順。最後整個宇宙之內,便由轉輪王來統一。

應用討論問題
一)寂天菩薩說:「非說智德等,由用故云等;有情助成佛,故說生佛等。」佛與眾生都是殊勝福田,但並不是說眾生即是佛。「佛與眾生都是殊勝福田」這句說話只是指在幫助修行人成佛這一點來說,佛和眾生具有同一殊勝助緣的特質;而不是說眾生就是佛,所以要恭敬供養;否則眾生又何用修行呢?眾生即佛這句說話只助長眾生傲慢煩惱而已。試據頌一一四說明利害。
二)你覺得佛對自己有恩嗎?如有的話,祂透過什麼來施恩給你?你又會怎樣報答佛恩呢?
三)寂天菩薩認為我們面對眾生的傷害,都不應去報復,或是設法去損害眾生;其中最重要的原因是不想佛因我們損害眾生而傷心。試就〈安忍品〉擷取有關偈頌說明!如果你以往真的有傷害過眾生,你會如何對佛懺悔?
四)持戒的精要是不害眾生,安忍的精要是恭敬眾生;試引寂天菩薩偈頌引證。
五)寂天菩薩提出安忍有三大利益:令佛歡喜、成自利和除去世間苦。這些都是學佛修行人的目標。試引偈頌分別列出安忍利益,並加以
說明。
六)寂天菩薩指出五濁惡世的人都有顛倒見,例如害怕受眼前輕微的苦害而冒犯權威;但不介意將來遭受巨大的苦報而損害弱小的眾生。試引偈頌說明人類這種欺善怕惡和欠缺公義的短淺目光,並且說明應如何糾正。
七)試依寂天菩薩偈頌,說明仍在生死輪迴中的人修習安忍,有何現世樂果。
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